Maharana Pratap : The Pride of Rajputana

January 21, 2024

14 Minutes

A silhouette of Maharana Pratap on his horse Chetak, wearing a traditional Rajput turban and armour.

Introduction

Maharana Pratap is a hero in Indian history known for his bravery and strong stand against the Mughal Empire. He was the 13th king of the Mewar dynasty and his life was full of brave battles and a strong promise to keep his kingdom free and independent. This article explores the life, great deeds, and lasting impact of this famous Rajput leader.

About Maharana Pratap

Maharana Pratap, born to Maharana Uday Singh II, was a prominent member of the Sisodia clan of Rajputs. He spent his youth in the royal palace, learning the ways of leadership and governance. He became the king of Mewar on March 1, 1572, after overcoming challenges in claiming his right to the throne upon his father's death. Faced with intense pressure from the Mughal Emperor Akbar to accept Mughal dominance, Maharana Pratap stood firm. He refused to bow down to Mughal power, making him one of the notable Rajput rulers who bravely resisted the extensive reach of the Mughals.

Maharana Pratap's Early Life

• Birth in Royal Family: Maharana Pratap was born Born on May 9, 1540 in the Sisodia Royal Family in Mewar, Rajasthan
• Rajput Values in Childhood: His upbringing was rooted in the Rajput traditions of courage and honor, which were central to his family's values.
• Role of Siblings: He had younger brothers named Shakti Singh, Vikram Singh, and Jagmal Singh, were bright and played an important role in the dynamics of the royal family.
• Maharana Pratap Wife and Marriages: While Maharana Pratap married 11 times during his lifetime, he got married for the first time in 1557 to Ajabde Punwar from Bijolia. This marriage was not just a personal bond but in addition, it was a strategic alliance that bolstered relationships within the Rajputs.
• Foundation for Future Leadership: The experiences and teachings from his youth were important in preparing him for future leadership roles and the challenges he faced later on as the ruler of Mewar.

Maharana Pratap’s Rise

• Loss of His Father: Maharana Pratap's journey towards becoming a king began with the passing of his father, Maharana Udai Singh, the notable founder of Udaipur.
• Challenge in Succession: Traditionally, as the eldest son, Maharana Pratap was expected to succeed his father. However, the path to the throne was not smooth. His younger brother, Jagmal, was initially preferred for kingship, leading to a period of uncertainty within the royal household.
• Shift in Support: The turning point in Maharana Pratap's rise came when the kingdom's nobles and counselors, witnessing Jagmal's struggles with leadership responsibilities, shifted their support to Maharana Pratap, recognizing his inherent leadership skills and bravery.
• Coronation and Leadership: Overcoming these familial and political hurdles, Maharana Pratap was crowned the 13th ruler of Mewar on March 1, 1572. This event marked a critical milestone in the history of Mewar.
• Legacy as a Ruler: Maharana Pratap's ascension signified the beginning of a reign marked by valor, determination, and commitment to safeguarding his kingdom against external invasions. His tenure as ruler became a defining era in Mewar's history, establishing him as a revered figure in the history of Rajputana.

Military Campaigns and Battles of Maharana Pratap

Battle of Chittorgarh (1567-1568)

• Maharana Pratap fought to defend Chittorgarh Fort against Mughal forces.
• During this time, Chittorgarh was the heart of Mewar.
• The Mughals, led by Akbar, took control of the fort for a short time.
• Maharana Pratap and his forces bravely fought back and regained control of the fort from the Mughals.

Battle of Haldighati (1576)

• Date and Location: The historic Battle of Haldighati was fought on June 18, 1576. The battlefield, located in the Haldighati pass in Rajasthan, is named for its distinctive yellow soil, reminiscent of turmeric (Haldi in Hindi).
• Combatants: Maharana Pratap, the king of Mewar, led his Rajput forces against the Mughal army. The Mughals were under the command of Raja Man Singh I of Amber, a Rajput himself, representing Emperor Akbar.
• Maharana Pratap's Leadership and Bravery: In this critical battle, Maharana Pratap exemplified true bravery and leadership. He faced a larger and well-equipped Mughal force with his smaller army. His strategic acumen and the fierce loyalty of his men were pivotal in this confrontation.
• Battle Tactics and Warfare: The battle is renowned for its traditional Rajput-style combat. Maharana Pratap utilized elephants effectively in the battle, with his own elephant, Ramprasad, playing a significant role. The battle involved close combat, cavalry charges, and the strategic use of the rugged terrain.
• Outcome and Aftermath: The battle ended without a decisive victor, with heavy casualties on both sides. Though Maharana Pratap was forced to retreat, he maintained his resistance against Mughal rule, continuing to fight for the freedom of his kingdom in the years that followed.
• Historical Importance: The Battle of Haldighati is more than just a military engagement; it symbolizes resistance against overwhelming odds. It is remembered for Maharana Pratap's undying spirit and his commitment to protecting his kingdom's independence. The battle is a source of national pride and continues to be celebrated for its demonstration of valor and determination.

Battle of Gogunda (1576-1577)

• Maharana Pratap gathered his soldiers to challenge the Mughal authority in Udaipur.
• This clash took place around Gogunda.
• It wasn't a big win, but it proved Maharana Pratap's commitment to resist Mughal rule.

Battle of Dewair (1582)

• Date and Location: The Battle of Dewair was fought on June 18, 1582. This battle happened near the Aravalli hills, 40 km east of Kumbhalgarh. Maharana Pratap used his knowledge of this area to help his army fight better. This was during the time of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.

• Maharana Pratap's Leadership: Maharana Pratap, the king of Mewar, was very brave in this battle. He had about 5,000 soldiers with him. They fought against a much larger Mughal army of around 36,000 soldiers, led by Mughal governor of Dewair Sultan Khan. Maharana Pratap and his soldiers used surprise attacks and fought in a way that confused the bigger Mughal army.

• Impact of the Battle: The Battle of Dewair is important because it shows Maharana Pratap's strong will to fight against the Mughals. After this battle, the Mughals lost a total of 36 posts in Mewar. Maharana Pratap's efforts to keep his kingdom safe and free are remembered as a big part of his legacy.

Battle of Rakhtalai (1587)

• Maharana Pratap faced the combined forces of the Mughals and Amber kingdom.
• Akbar and Man Singh I led the opposition.
• Maharana Pratap avoided defeat in this clash, and the fight did not have a clear winner.

Chetak: The Heroic Horse of Maharana Pratap

• Chetak in Haldighati Battle: Maharana Pratap's horse, Chetak, showed great bravery in the Battle of Haldighati on June 18, 1576. Even when hurt, Chetak carried Maharana Pratap away from danger before breathing his last, displaying exceptional loyalty and courage.
• Memorial for Chetak (Chetak Smarak): A special place called Chetak Smarak, also known as Chetak Samadhi, is made in memory of Chetak. It is believed to be where Chetak died from his wounds after the battle. It is believed that Maharana Pratap built this memorial. This place is found in the Aravalli hills, close to Balicha village, in the Rajsamand area of Rajasthan.
• Status as an Important Monument: The Government of India, through the Archaeological Survey of India, declared Chetak Smarak an important historical monument in 2003. This shows how important Chetak's story is in Indian history and culture.

Reference Map of Mewar

Administration, Art and Culture under Maharana Pratap

Administration Skills: Maharana Pratap was very good at managing his kingdom, especially during the hard times caused by fights with the Mughals. He moved his capital first to Kumbhalgarh and then to Chavand. This showed he was thinking ahead to keep his kingdom safe and stable. Even when things were tough, he made sure his people were well cared for.

Support for Art, Culture, and Literature: Maharana Pratap did a lot for arts and culture. He started the Chavand School of Art. This place became important for artists and writers. It helped keep Mewar's culture alive and growing.

Religious Beliefs: Maharana Pratap was very devoted to Hindu traditions. He stood up to the Mughals to protect these traditions and the Rajput way of life. The Hindu people of Mewar saw him as a strong leader who kept their religious beliefs safe from outside influence.

Maharana Pratap Punyatithi, Death and Legacy

• Lasting Legacy: Maharana Pratap is remembered for his courage and the way he fought. He is a symbol of Rajput bravery. His way of fighting, especially using guerrilla tactics, later influenced leaders like Chhatrapati Shivaji.
• Maharana Pratap Punyatithi and Death : Maharana Pratap died on January 19, 1597. He had injuries from a hunting accident. He is memorised on his death anniversary (punyathithi) every year.
• Succession by His Son: After Maharana Pratap's death, his oldest son, Amar Singh I, became the new leader. He took on the big task of continuing his father's brave work.

Maharana Pratap's life and actions left a big mark on history. He is remembered not just as a warrior, but also as a leader who stood strong for his beliefs and his people. His son, Amar Singh I, carried on with his father's legacy, leading with the same strength and courage.

Maharana Pratap Jayanti

• Annual Celebration: Every year in India, people celebrate Maharana Pratap Jayanti. This day is to remember Maharana Pratap, a brave leader from Rajasthan.
• Date of Celebration: Maharana Pratap Jayanti is celebrated each year on his date of birth. It is to be noted that the Hindu calendar is followed for marking the date of Maharana Pratap Jayanti. In 2023, it was celebrated on May 23, where the PM also paid tribute to the brave Rajput ruler. On this day, people honor his fight against the Mughal Empire and his dedication to keeping Rajput traditions alive.
• Festivities and Programs: During this day, many cultural events and activities take place in Rajasthan and other parts of India. These events are to give respect to Maharana Pratap and to inspire people with his strong spirit and love for his land.
• 484th Anniversary in 2024: In the year 2024, India will mark the 484th anniversary of Maharana Pratap's birth. As per the Hindu calendar, Maharana Pratap Jayanti will fall on May 9 this year.

Government Tributes to Maharana Pratap

The Government of India and various state governments have commemorated Maharana Pratap in several significant ways, reflecting his enduring legacy in Indian history:

Statues and Memorials

Across India, numerous statues of Maharana Pratap have been erected in his honor. These statues are often found in prominent public places and serve as a reminder of his legacy. For instance, a notable statue of Maharana Pratap stands tall in Udaipur, Rajasthan.

Educational Curriculum

Maharana Pratap's life and contributions are included in the school curriculum in many states. This educational inclusion ensures that the younger generation learns about his bravery and values.

Public Infrastructure named after Maharana Pratap

• Maharana Pratap Airport: Udaipur's Maharana Pratap Airport, also known as Udaipur Airport, is named after the legendary Rajput warrior. It serves as a major gateway to Udaipur and nearby regions in Rajasthan.
• Maharana Pratap Dam: Located in Rajasthan, this dam is named in his honor, signifying the importance of Maharana Pratap in the region.
• Maharana Pratap Bhawan: In various cities across India, buildings named Maharana Pratap Bhawan can be found, often used as government offices or community centers.
• Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus (ISBT): In Delhi, the Maharana Pratap ISBT at Kashmere Gate is one of the major bus terminuses, named after the great king.
• Maharana Pratap National Memorial: Located in Haldighati, Rajasthan, this memorial commemorates the Battle of Haldighati and includes a life-sized bronze statue of Maharana Pratap.
• Educational Institutions: Numerous schools and colleges across India bear Maharana Pratap's name, emphasizing the educational sector's respect for his historical significance. One such educational institution is Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal (MHU), established by the Government of Haryana.
• Pratap Gaurav Kendra: The Pratap Gaurav Kendra at Tiger Hill, Udaipur, is a modern initiative that uses technology to showcase Maharana Pratap's life and achievements. It serves as an educational and cultural center, providing insights into his legacy for both locals and tourists.

Maharana Pratap's bravery and life story have inspired several TV shows and movies, bringing his legacy to a wide audience. These include the TV serial "Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap," which beautifully portrays his life and heroism. Additionally, the film "Maharana Pratap: The First Freedom Fighter" further highlights his significant role in history.

Conclusion

Maharana Pratap's life shows us how strong and brave a person can be. He lived in a time when there were many fights and it was important to keep culture alive. He fought many battles and was also good at running his kingdom. His actions have made a big difference in the history of Mewar. For people who are preparing for exams like the UPSC and learning about Indian history, Maharana Pratap's story is very inspiring. It teaches us about fighting bravely even when things are hard and shows how one person's courage can make a big difference.

Practice Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1: Consider the following statements about the military strategies of Maharana Pratap:

Statement 1: Maharana Pratap adopted guerrilla warfare techniques influenced by the methods used by the Mughals.

Statement 2: Maharana Pratap's use of the hilly terrain of Mewar was a key factor in the Battle of Dewair.

Statement 3: The Battle of Haldighati witnessed the employment of war elephants, including Maharana Pratap's famed elephant, Ramprasad.

Select the statements that are true using the code given below:

A. 1 & 2

B. 2 & 3

C. 1 & 3

D. All of the above

Q2: Examine the following statements regarding Maharana Pratap's administrative decisions:

Statement 1: Maharana Pratap relocated the capital of Mewar to Chavand because of its strategic advantage against the Mughal forces.

Statement 2: The establishment of the Chavand School of Art was an initiative by Maharana Pratap to promote Mughal art forms in Mewar.

Statement 3: Maharana Pratap's reign is noted for maintaining the autonomy of the Mewar region despite the expansive influence of the Mughal Empire.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 & 2

B. 1 & 3

C. 2 & 3

D. All of the above

Q3: Regarding the legacy of Maharana Pratap, consider the following statements:

Statement 1: Chetak Smarak, the memorial for Maharana Pratap's horse, was established during Maharana Pratap's lifetime as a tribute to the horse's bravery.

Statement 2: Maharana Pratap Jayanti is commemorated based on the Gregorian calendar date of his birth every year.

Statement 3: The government has named various educational institutions and public infrastructure, including airports and bus terminals, in honor of Maharana Pratap.

Select the correct statements using the code given below:

A. 1 & 2

B. 2 & 3

C. 1 & 3

D. 3 only

Answers and Explanation

Answer 1:  B. 2 & 3

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Maharana Pratap adopted guerrilla warfare techniques, which were not influenced by the Mughals but were a part of traditional Rajput warfare tactics adapted to the hilly terrain of Mewar.
• Statement 2 is correct. Maharana Pratap's strategic use of the hilly terrain of Mewar was crucial in the Battle of Dewair, where his knowledge of the local landscape helped his forces gain an advantage.
• Statement 3 is correct. The Battle of Haldighati did involve the use of war elephants, and Maharana Pratap's own elephant, Ramprasad, played a significant role in the battle.

 Answer 2: B. 1 & 3

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct. Maharana Pratap moved his capital to Chavand, which was strategically advantageous against the Mughal forces due to its defensible location and terrain.
• Statement 2 is incorrect. The Chavand School of Art was established to promote Rajput art forms and culture, not Mughal art forms.
• Statement 3 is correct. Maharana Pratap's reign is indeed noted for maintaining Mewar's autonomy and resisting the expansion of the Mughal Empire.

Answer 3: D. 3 only

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is incorrect. Chetak Smarak was not established during Maharana Pratap's lifetime but was built later to honor the bravery of his horse, Chetak, after his death.
• Statement 2 is incorrect. Maharana Pratap Jayanti is commemorated based on the traditional Hindu calendar corresponding to his birth date, which may vary each year in the Gregorian calendar.
• Statement 3 is correct. The Indian government has indeed named various public infrastructures, such as airports, bus terminals, and educational institutions, to honor Maharana Pratap and his legacy.

Essay Question

Discuss the contributions of Maharana Pratap to the defense of his kingdom against Mughal expansion, his administrative reforms, and his cultural impact on the Indian society.

Model Answer:

Maharana Pratap, the esteemed ruler of Mewar, is an emblem of indomitable courage and unwavering dedication to his land and people. His resistance against the Mughal Empire's expansionist policies, his insightful administrative reforms, and his cultural contributions have etched his name in the annals of Indian history.

Defense Against Mughal Expansion: Maharana Pratap's staunch refusal to submit to Mughal dominance under Emperor Akbar marked his reign. His strategic military tactics, notably in the battles of Haldighati and Dewair, showcased his brilliance in warfare. Despite being outnumbered, his adoption of guerrilla tactics and the astute use of Mewar's hilly terrain proved his mettle as a fearless warrior committed to safeguarding his kingdom's sovereignty.

Administrative Reforms: On the home front, Maharana Pratap's governance was characterized by judicious reforms. Moving the capital to locations such as Kumbhalgarh and later Chavand, he displayed foresight in reinforcing the kingdom's stability. His leadership shone during tumultuous times, ensuring the welfare of his subjects, reinforcing the defense mechanisms, and keeping the spirit of independence alive among the people of Mewar.

Cultural Impact: Culturally, Maharana Pratap was a patron of the arts and a staunch defender of Hindu traditions. Establishing the Chavand School of Art, he fostered a renaissance of Rajput culture, art, and literature. His life and tales of valor have inspired countless works in literature, art, and media, resonating with the ethos of Rajput pride and Indian cultural identity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Maharana Pratap's legacy transcends mere military achievements; it embodies the spirit of regional pride, cultural identity, and administrative prowess. His life continues to inspire leaders and citizens alike, reminding us of the virtues of bravery, leadership, and unwavering commitment to one's principles and homeland. His contributions are a testament to the enduring spirit of resistance against subjugation and the celebration of indigenous culture and governance.