The Difference Between National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary

January 29, 2024

9 Minutes

Introduction

Conservation of animals and forests has long been a critical aspect of preserving our planet's biodiversity. In this blog post, we're focusing on two key pillars of this conservation effort: National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. While both play vital roles in safeguarding our natural heritage, they differ in purpose, management, and legal status. Let's dive into the nuances of these two types of protected areas, unraveling how each contributes uniquely to the protection and preservation of wildlife and their habitats. 

Wildlife Sanctuary

A wildlife sanctuary is a protected area designated for the conservation of wild animals and their natural habitats, with restrictions on human activities to ensure minimal disturbance to wildlife. It acts as a safeguard, providing a shield for various bird and animal species against immediate threats like poaching and smuggling. Essentially, a wildlife sanctuary can be thought of as a nature reserve that creates an environment where different species can flourish without disruptions in their natural habitats.

The Purpose of a Wildlife Sanctuary

The primary purpose of wildlife sanctuaries serves a dual role. Firstly, they act as a shield, safeguarding against illegal activities like poaching and the wildlife trade, which pose severe threats to the well-being of various animal species. Secondly, these sanctuaries provide a secure environment where species can thrive independently, free from human disturbances.

Now, let's delve into some basic terminology:

Flora encompasses all the plant life in a particular area, representing the entire plant kingdom. These plants are categorized based on various factors, with location being a crucial criterion. Some plants thrive in arid deserts or aquatic environments, while others are adapted to mountainous regions. Certain plant species are found exclusively in specific geographical areas.

Fauna, on the other hand, refers to all the animal life within a particular region or during a specific time frame. The diversity of wildlife in India is heavily influenced by the varied physiology, climate, and evolutionary patterns in different regions of the country. This diversity plays a pivotal role in nurturing the wide array of wildlife found in India.

Importance of Wildlife Sanctuaries

•  Wildlife sanctuaries are crucial for protecting endangered animals, providing a safe space for them to reproduce and thrive. Strict protection within these sanctuaries is vital for the survival of endangered species.
• These sanctuaries also serve as natural safeguards, protecting landforms like hills, mountains, rivers, valleys, and waterfalls from damage, excessive development, and pollution.
• Many sanctuaries are home to forests and are inhabited by indigenous tribes deeply connected to the land. They act as a shield against outside influences, preserving both the habitats and the centuries-old cultures and traditions of these tribes.
• Wildlife sanctuaries create secure environments where endangered species can thrive without human interference, ensuring the preservation of our natural heritage.

Constitutional Support for Wildlife Protection

•  The 42nd Amendment of 1976 transferred the protection of Wild Animals and Birds from the exclusive jurisdiction of the State to the Concurrent List. 
• Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution emphasizes the fundamental duty of each citizen to enhance the natural environment, including forests and wildlife.
• Article 48 A in the Directive Principles of State Policy highlights the State's obligation to safeguard and enhance the environment, with a particular emphasis on The Preservation of forests and wildlife within the country.

Wildlife (Protection) Act. of 1972

• The Wildlife (Protection) Act. of 1972 is a crucial legislation in India aimed at safeguarding wildlife and preserving their habitats. It focuses on preventing the exploitation of the country's diverse wildlife resources.
• The act includes schedules categorizing plants and animals, determining levels of protection, and government monitoring.
• India's accession to CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) was facilitated by the Wildlife Act.

Wildlife Sanctuaries In India

India, known for its rich biodiversity, classifies wildlife sanctuaries under the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Category IV for protected areas. As of November 2023, there are 573 wildlife sanctuaries in India, according to the National Wildlife Database Centre. These sanctuaries span an impressive area of 123,762.56 km², accounting for 3.76% of India's total geographical area.

One of the most notable among these is the Manas National Park in Assam, India, which is not only a wildlife sanctuary but also a national park. It holds the unique distinction of being the first sanctuary and national park established in India. This park is renowned for its diverse wildlife and scenic beauty, and it plays a critical role in the conservation of several endangered species.

Another significant sanctuary is the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in Gujarat, located in the vast expanse of the Great Rann of Kutch. This sanctuary, established in February 1986, is particularly known for its unique desert ecosystem and the variety of species it supports, making it a vital area for wildlife conservation in India's arid regions

State-wise Breakup of Wildlife Sanctuaries

Image Source- Wildlife Institution of India

Find the list of all the Wildlife Sanctuaries in India here.

National Park

National parks, as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), are areas designated for the dual purpose of preserving ecosystems and offering recreational opportunities. However, it's important to note that there are global exceptions to this definition. In some cases, areas recognized as national parks may not strictly adhere to the IUCN criteria, such as lacking a national designation or prohibiting recreational activities.

In the context of India, as defined by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, a national park is an area that can be either within or outside an existing sanctuary. It is officially declared by the state government, primarily based on its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological significance. The primary objective behind designating an area as a national park in India is to protect, propagate, and develop wildlife and its habitat.

As of November 2023, India proudly hosts 106 national parks. These parks cover a combined area of 44,402.95 square kilometers, representing about 1.35% of India's total geographical area, according to the National Wildlife Database. This substantial coverage highlights India's commitment to conserving its diverse and rich natural heritage, offering a sanctuary for a multitude of species and preserving vital ecosystems.

Types of National Parks

Terrestrial National Parks are areas protected and conserved under government supervision, typically spanning a minimum of 1000 hectares. The primary goal is to safeguard and preserve terrestrial wildlife, maintaining the natural habitat on land for the well-being of diverse flora and fauna.

Marine National Parks, as the name implies, are designated areas near water bodies, such as seas and lakes. They aim to achieve ecological sustainability and promote recreational activities benefiting coastal communities. Focusing on marine environments, these parks contribute to the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and support the livelihoods of coastal communities.

Government Declaration of Protected Area

State Government Declaration of Protected Area

Commencement Notice: The State government, through an official notification, may express its intent to establish a sanctuary or national park within or beyond any reserve forest. This decision is guided by the belief that the designated area holds substantial ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural, or zoological importance. The primary objective is to safeguard, foster, or enhance wildlife and its surrounding environment.

Final Designation: Following the issuance of the initial notification and the lapse of the claim submission period, the State government is empowered to release a subsequent notification outlining the precise boundaries of the designated area. This notification officially declares the specified region as a sanctuary or national park, effective from a specified date.

Central Government Declaration

Authorized Declaration: The Central Government holds the authority to proclaim an area as a sanctuary or national park. This declaration is contingent upon the Central Government's satisfaction with the area's substantial ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural, or zoological significance. 

The primary objective remains the protection, propagation, or development of wildlife and its surrounding environment.

Objectives and Features of a National Park

• The Government of India, in its commitment to conservation, officially designates certain areas as national parks based on ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological significance.
• The state government's declaration serves the purpose of safeguarding, propagating, and developing the wildlife and the surrounding environment within these national parks.
• This strategic designation underscores the importance of conserving natural resources and promoting sustainable practices, ensuring the enduring health of these vital ecosystems.
• These areas fall under Category II, known for their expansive size and their crucial role in preserving a functioning ecosystem.
• Achieving the preservation goal often requires complementary management in the surrounding areas.
• Objectives include maintaining viable and ecologically functional populations, ensuring the long-term integrity and resilience of the ecosystem, and managing the density of native species.
• National parks contribute significantly to the conservation of wide-ranging species, regional ecological processes, and crucial migration routes.
• This multifaceted approach aligns with the broader mission of preserving biodiversity and fostering the overall health and balance of these natural landscapes.

State-wise area of National Parks In India

Important Pointers about National Parks in India

• Madhya Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands boast the highest number of National Parks, each with a total of 9 parks.
• Largest National Park: Hemis National Park, Ladakh
• Smallest National Park: South Button Island National Park, Andaman, and Nicobar Islands
• First Marine National Park: Gulf of Kutchh National Park
• Floating National Park: Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur

Difference Between National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary

To grasp the essence of biodiversity conservation, it's important to differentiate between national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Each serves a unique purpose under different guidelines and objectives.

Find the list of National Parks in India here.

Conclusion

The establishment of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks is fundamental to the preservation of biodiversity. Each plays a pivotal role in the conservation landscape. Wildlife sanctuaries serve as vital refuges, offering protection to a myriad of species from various threats. These sanctuaries are essential for ensuring a safe and nurturing environment where diverse species can flourish in their natural habitats. The dedication to maintaining these protected areas underscores a global commitment to biodiversity conservation, essential for the health and balance of our planet's ecosystems.

Practice Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1. Consider the following statements about wildlife sanctuaries in India:

Statement A: Wildlife sanctuaries in India are classified under IUCN Category IV as protected areas.

Statement B: The main objective of a wildlife sanctuary is to facilitate recreational activities alongside conservation.

Statement C: Wildlife sanctuaries primarily focus on protecting specific animal species and their habitats from external threats.

Statement D: The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 was crucial in facilitating India's accession to CITES.

Which of the above statements are correct?

A. A and D only

B. A, C, and D only

C. B and C only

D. All of the above

Q2 Regarding National Parks in India, consider the following statements:

Statement A: National parks cover approximately 1.35% of India's total geographical area.

Statement B: The primary focus of national parks is to conserve wide-ranging species and ensure the integrity of regional ecological processes.

Statement C: National parks in India fall under the IUCN Category II of protected areas.

Statement D: The state government can declare an area as a national park based on its historical and cultural significance.

Which of these statements are incorrect?

A. A and B only

B. B and C only

C. D only

D. C and D only

Q3. Examine the following statements about the differences between National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries:

Statement A: National parks often allow limited human activities for ecotourism purposes, whereas wildlife sanctuaries impose stricter restrictions on human activities.

Statement B: Wildlife sanctuaries are primarily managed by local communities and wildlife authorities, while national parks are managed by government bodies and conservationists.

Statement C: The main conservation focus of wildlife sanctuaries is biodiversity and ecological processes, in contrast to national parks which focus on specific animal species.

Statement D: Both national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India fall under the same IUCN category of protected areas.

Which of the above statements are correct?

A. A and B only

B. A, B, and C only

C. B, C, and D only D

. A, C, and D only.

Explanations and Answers
Answer 1: B. A, C, and D only. Explanation: Wildlife sanctuaries in India are classified under IUCN Category IV and focus on protecting specific animal species and their habitats, aligning with Statements A and C. The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, crucial for India's wildlife conservation, makes Statement D correct. However, Statement B is incorrect as the main purpose of wildlife sanctuaries is not facilitating recreational activities but protecting wildlife.
Answer 2: C. D only.Explanation: National parks cover about 1.35% of India's geographical area and focus on conserving a wide range of species and maintaining regional ecological processes, making Statements A, B, and C correct. However, Statement D is incorrect because national parks in India are declared based on ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, or zoological significance, not historical and cultural importance.
Answer 3: A. A and B only. Explanation: National parks allow limited human activities such as ecotourism, while wildlife sanctuaries impose stricter restrictions, making Statement A correct. Wildlife sanctuaries are often managed with local community involvement, unlike government-managed national parks, supporting Statement B. However, Statements C and D are incorrect as they either reverse the conservation focus or misclassify the IUCN categories.